Background

Background

The EU law principle that allows individuals to rely on EU legal provisions directly before national courts without needing further national implementing legislation. Along with the primacy of EU law (also known as precedence), direct effect is a fundamental principle of EU law.

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/the-direct-effect-of-european-union-law.html

A provision has direct effect when it is:

Clear, Precise, Unconditional and Not dependent on further action.

Van Gend en Loos (1963) is the landmark Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case that established the doctrine of direct effect.

“transforming the EU from an international organisation into a new legal order that gives rights to individual.”

The Court was asked can individuals rely directly on a Treaty provision before a national court?

The Court held that EU law creates rights for individuals which national courts must protect. This established direct effect.